Atulya Nadheswarar Temple History - TNPSC

  தமிழகத்தின் விழுப்புரம் மாவட்டத்தில் உள்ள நகர பஞ்சாயத்தான அரகண்டநல்லூரில் உள்ள அதுல்ய நாதேஸ்வரர் கோயில், சிவபெருமானுக்கு அர்ப்பணிக்கப்பட்டது. இந்த லிங்கம் அதுல்ய நாதேஸ்வரர், சிவன், அதுல்ய நாதேஸ்வரர் என வழிபடப்படுபவர். அழகையா பொன்னழகி என்பது அவரது துணைவியார் பார்வதியின் பெயர். நாயனார்கள் என்று அழைக்கப்படும் தமிழ்த் துறவிக் கவிஞர்களால் எழுதப்பட்டு, பாதல் பெட்ரா ஸ்தலம் என்று வகைப்படுத்தப்பட்டுள்ள 7ஆம் நூற்றாண்டு தமிழ்ச் சைவ நியமனக் கவிதையான தேவாரம் ஆளும் கடவுளை மதிக்கிறது.

கிரானைட் மலையில் அமைக்கப்பட்டு இரண்டு ஏக்கர் பரப்பளவுள்ள இந்த கோயில் வளாகத்தில், கோபுரம் எனப்படும் ஏழு அடுக்கு நுழைவு அமைப்பு உள்ளது. இந்த கோவிலில் பல ஆலயங்கள் உள்ளன, அவற்றில் மிகவும் புகழ்பெற்றவை அதுல்ய நாதேஸ்வரர் மற்றும் அவரது துணைவியார் அழகியா பொன்னழகி.

Religion
Affiliation	Hinduism
District	Viluppuram
Deity	Atulya Nadheswarar(Shiva)
Location
State	Tamil Nadu
Country	India
Location in Tamil Nadu
Geographic coordinates	11°58′28″N 79°13′13″E
Architecture
Type	Dravidian architecture

இந்த கோவிலில் காலை 7:00 மணி முதல் இரவு 8:30 மணி வரை நான்கு தினசரி சடங்குகளும், நான்கு வருடாந்திர திருவிழாக்களும் உள்ளன. வைகாசி மாதத்தில் (மே-ஜூன்) நடைபெறும் பிரம்மோத்சவம் மிக முக்கியமான நிகழ்வு.

பல்லவர்கள் ஆரம்ப வளாகத்தை உருவாக்கியதாகக் கூறப்படுகிறது, இது பின்னர் சோழர்களால் விரிவாக்கப்பட்டது, அதே நேரத்தில் தற்போதைய கொத்து கட்டுமானம் 16 ஆம் நூற்றாண்டில் விஜயநகர பேரரசின் கீழ் நிறைவடைந்தது. 10 ஆம் நூற்றாண்டில் பல்லவ வம்சத்தைச் சேர்ந்த மூன்று பாறை வெட்டு குகைகள் கண்டுபிடிக்கப்பட்டுள்ளன. தமிழக அரசின் இந்து சமய அறநிலையத்துறை இன்று கோவிலை பராமரித்து நிர்வகிக்கிறது.

அமைவிடம்

இந்து நம்பிக்கையின்படி, தனது வாமன அவதாரத்தின் போது மகாபலியைக் கொன்றதன் மூலம், விஷ்ணு தான் இழைத்த தவறுகளுக்குப் பரிகாரம் செய்ய விரும்பினார். ஏராளமான சிவன் கோவில்களில், சிவனை வேண்டினார். சிவனை வழிபட்ட போது, அவரது பாவங்கள் மன்னிக்கப்பட்டன. விஷ்ணு கதை சித்தரிக்கும் சிற்பத்தில் காட்டப்பட்டுள்ளது. 

7ஆம் நூற்றாண்டு சைவத் துறவி நாயன்மார் சம்பந்தர், அந்த இடத்திற்குச் சென்று அதுல்ய நாதேஸ்வரருக்குப் பாராட்டுகளைப் பாடியதாகக் கூறப்படுகிறது. கோயில் முன்பு சமணத் துறவிகளால் மூடப்பட்டு, சம்பந்தரைத் தொடர்ந்து வழிபாட்டுக்காக மீண்டும் திறக்கப்பட்டதாகக் கருதப்பட்டது. அவர் திருவண்ணாமலைக்கு பயணிக்க எண்ணினார், ஆனால் ஒரு பரலோக சக்தியால் முறியடிக்கப்பட்டார். இந்த இடத்தில் அண்ணாமலையாரை லிங்கமாக அமைத்து வழிபடத் தொடங்கினார்.

திருவண்ணாமலையில் உள்ள அண்ணாமலையார் கோயிலை அந்த இடத்தில் இருந்து காணலாம் என்றும், அங்கு சாமுண்டார் காலடித்தடங்களை காணலாம் என்றும் கூறப்படுகிறது. சிவபெருமான் பாறைக்கு மேலே அற்புதமாக வெளிப்படுவதால், அதுல்ய நாதேஸ்வரரின் சம்ஸ்கிருத மாறுபாடான அரையநிதீஸ்வரர் என்ற பெயர் பெற்றார்.

வரலாறு

பல்லவர்கள் ஆரம்ப வளாகத்தை உருவாக்கியதாகக் கூறப்படுகிறது, இது பின்னர் சோழர்களால் விரிவாக்கப்பட்டது, அதே நேரத்தில் தற்போதைய கொத்து கட்டுமானம் 16 ஆம் நூற்றாண்டில் விஜயநகர பேரரசிலிருந்து வந்தது. பத்தாம் நூற்றாண்டில் பல்லவ வம்சத்தைச் சேர்ந்த மூன்று பாறை வெட்டு குகைகள் கண்டுபிடிக்கப்பட்டுள்ளன. தற்கால திரௌபதி அம்மன் ஆலயம் இப்போது நிற்கும் இடத்தில் ஒரு முருகன் ஆலயம் முன்பு நின்றதாக கூறப்படுகிறது. 

முதலாம் ராஜராஜ சோழன் (985-1014), முதலாம் குலோத்துங்க சோழன் (1070-1120), விக்ரம சோழன் (1118-1135), இரண்டாம் குலோத்துங்க சோழன் (1133-1150), இரண்டாம் ராஜாதிராஜ சோழன் (1166-1178), மூன்றாம் குலோத்துங்க சோழன் (1133-1150) உள்ளிட்ட பல்வேறு இடைநிலைச் சோழர்களின் கல்வெட்டுகளைக் காணலாம் 1178-1218), மூன்றாம் ராஜராஜ சோழன் (1216– பாண்டிய மன்னர்களான மாறவர்மன் சுந்தர பாண்டியன் (1216-1238), மாறவர்மன் விக்ரம பாண்டியன் ஆகியோரின் கல்வெட்டுகள் இத்தலத்தில் காணப்படுகின்றன. அவர் கோவிலை புதுப்பித்து, சேவைகளை உயிர்த்தெழுப்பினார், மேலும் கோயிலின் திருவிழாக்களைத் தொடங்கினார். தமிழக அரசின் இந்து சமய அறநிலையத்துறை நவீன காலத்தில் கோவிலை பராமரித்து நிர்வகிக்கிறது.

கட்டிடக்கலை

திருக்கோயிலூரில் இருந்து திருக்கோயிலூர்-விழுப்புரம் நெடுஞ்சாலையில் சுமார் 2 கிலோ மீட்டர் தொலைவில் விழுப்புரம் மாவட்டத்தில் உள்ள அரகண்டநல்லூர் என்ற ஊர் ஊராட்சியில் இந்தக் கோயில் உள்ளது. இந்த கோயில் செயார் ஆற்றின் வடக்குக் கரையில் அமைந்துள்ளது. திருக்கோயிலூர் ரயில் நிலையம் மிக அருகில் உள்ள நிலையமாகவும், சென்னை சர்வதேச விமான நிலையம் மிக அருகில் உள்ள விமான நிலையமாகவும் உள்ளது. 

அரகண்டநல்லூர் சிவன் கோவில் இரண்டு ஏக்கர் (8,100 மீ 2) பரப்பளவு கொண்டது. ஏழு மாடிகளைக் கொண்ட, பரந்த செவ்வக கிரானைட் சுவர்களைத் துளைக்கும் பெரிய ராஜகோபுரம் மேற்குப் பகுதியில் உள்ளது. கோவில் தொட்டியான இந்திர தீர்த்தம் கோவிலில் இருந்து 1 கி.மீ (0.62 மைல்) தொலைவில் உள்ளது. கோயிலுக்குள் இரண்டு தாழ்வாரங்கள் உள்ளன, அவை கிரானைட் சரிவில் அமைக்கப்பட்டுள்ளன.

முதன்மை சன்னதியில் அதுல்ய நாதேஸ்வரர் எனப்படும் சிவனின் லிங்கம் வடிவ உருவம் உள்ளது. இரண்டாவது பிரகாரத்தில், அதுல்ய நாதேஸ்வரர் கோயிலின் வலப்புறத்தில், அழகியா பொன்னழகிக்கு தனி சன்னதி உள்ளது. நாயன்மார்கள், நவகிரகங்கள், பைரவா, வடமேற்கில் முருகன் சன்னிதி, வடகிழக்கில் துர்கா சன்னதி ஆகிய உருவங்கள் கருவறையின் நான்கு பக்கங்களிலும் முதல் பிரகாரத்தை அலங்கரிக்கின்றன.  பிரதோஷ நந்தி மற்றும் ஆதிகார நந்தி ஆகியவை கோயிலின் இரண்டு நந்திகள் ஆகும், அவை சன்னதியிலிருந்து ஓரளவு அச்சில் உள்ளன. சனிஸ்வரர் கோயிலில் தனது வாகன மான காகத்தின் மேல் ஒரு அடி வைத்து படம் பிடிக்கிறார்.

மத முக்கியத்துவம்

தமிழ் சைவ நாயனார்கள் திருஞான சம்பந்தரின் ஆரம்பகாலத் தேவாரப் பாடல்களில் மனப்பாடம் செய்த 275 பதிகங்கள் பெட்ரா ஸ்தலங்களில் - சிவ ஸ்தலங்களில் இதுவும் ஒன்று. இந்த கோயில் தேவாரத்தில் கௌரவிக்கப்படுவதால், சைவ நியதியில் குறிப்பிடப்பட்டுள்ள 275 கோயில்களில் ஒன்றான பாதல் பெட்ரா ஸ்தலம் என்று வகைப்படுத்தப்பட்டுள்ளது. இந்த இடத்தை சம்பந்தர் அரையிநல்லூர் என்று குறிப்பிடுகிறார், இது இறுதியில் அர்கண்டநல்லூர் ஆனது. சிவனின் புனித காளையான நந்தி, சம்பந்தர் பக்தியை எளிதாக்குவதற்காக கொஞ்சம் கொஞ்சமாக சாய்ந்தார். புராணத்தைக் குறிக்கும் வகையில், கோயிலில் உள்ள இரண்டு நந்திகளும் சன்னதிக்கு சற்று தூரத்தில் உள்ளன. 

ராமலிங்க சுவாமிகள் இந்த ஊரில் தங்கி அதுல்ய நாதேஸ்வரரின் புகழைப் பாடினார். இந்து துறவியான ரமண மகரிஷி, திருவண்ணாமலைக்கு அழைத்து வரப்படுவதற்கு முன்பு கோயிலின் காவேரிகளில் வசித்து வந்ததாகக் கூறப்படுகிறது. 63 நாயன்மார்களின் வாழ்க்கையை சித்தரிக்கும் ஹாகியோகிராஃபி பெரிய புராணத்தின்படி, திருவண்ணாமலைக்குச் செல்வதற்கு முன்பு சம்பந்தர் அந்த இடத்தைப் பார்வையிட்டார்.

12th Computer Science Chapter 2 Samacheer Guru Guide

                                  

12TH COMPUTER SCIENCE - SAMACHEER GURU

 2. DATA ABSTRACTION

Section – A

Choose the best answer (1 Mark)

1. Which of the following functions that build the abstract data type ?

(A) Constructors 

(B) Destructors

(C) recursive 

(D)Nested

2. Which of the following functions that retrieve information from the data type?

(A) Constructors 

(B) Selectors 

(C) recursive 

(D)Nested

6. The data type whose representation is unknown are called

(A) Built in datatype 

(B) Derived datatype

(C) Concrete datatype 

(D) Abstract datatype

Section-B

Answer the following questions (2 Mark)

1. What is abstract data type?

Abstract Data type (ADT) is a type or class for objects whose behavior is defined by a set of value and a set of operations.

2. Differentiate constructors and selectors.

CONSTRUCTOR:

• Constructors are functions that build the abstract data type.
• Constructorscreate an object, bundling together different pieces of information

SELECTORS

Selectors are functions that retrieve information from the data type. 

Selectors extract individual pieces of information from the object.

Section-C

Answer the following questions (3 Mark)

3. Identify Which of the following are constructors and selectors?

(a) N1=number() -- Constructor

(b) accetnum(n1) -- Selector

(c) displaynum(n1) -- Selector

(d) eval(a/b) -- Selector

(e) x,y= makeslope (m), makeslope(n) -- Constructor

(f) display() -- Selector

Section - D

Answer the following questions: (5 Mark)

1. How will you facilitate data abstraction. Explain it with suitable example.

Data abstraction is supported by defining an abstract data type (ADT), which is a collection of constructors and selectors. To facilitate data abstraction, you will need to create two types of functions:

• Constructors
• Selectors

 a) Constructor:

• Constructors are functions that build the abstract data type.
• Constructors create an object, bundling together different pieces of information.
• For example, say you have an abstract data type called city.
• This city object will hold the city‟s name, and its latitude and longitude. 
• To create a city object, you‟d use a function like city = makecity (name, lat, lon). 
• Here makecity (name, lat, lon) is the constructor which creates the object city.

 b) Selectors:

• Selectors are functions that retrieve information from the data type. 
• Selectors extract individual pieces of information from the object. 
• To extract the information of a city object, you would use functions like 

• getname(city) 
• getlat(city) 
• getlon(city)

 These are the selectors because these functions extract the information of the city object.

12th Computer Application Revision Test Question Paper 2022

12TH COMPUTER APPLICATIONS REVISION TEST QUESTION PAPER

PART - I

Choose the most suitable answer from the given four alternatives and write the option code and the corresponding answer. 15x1=15

1. One of the disadvantages of the multimedia is its __

a) cost 

b) adaptability 

c) usability 

d) relativity

2. ______is to create and maintain an Internet web page.

a) Multimedia Architect 

b) Computer Programmer

c) Web Master 

d) Text Editor

3. The live telecasting of real time program through Internet is known as ____

a) Web casting 

b) web hosting 

c) data manipulation 

d) none of the above

4. In PageMaker Window, the area outside of the dark border is referred to as _________.

(a) page 

(b) pasteboard 

(c) blackboard 

(d) dashboard

5. A______triangle in the bottom window shade means there is more text in the text block than is visible on the page.

a) Blue 

b) Green 

c) Yellow 

d) Red

6. A __________ tool is used for magnifying the particular portion of the area.

(a) Text tool 

(b) Line tool 

(c) Zoom tool 

(d) Hand tool

7. An entity set that does not have enough attributes to form primary key is known as

a) Strong entity set 

b) Weak entity set 

c) Identity set 

d) Owner set

8. The file systems were known as ______ of database system.

a) Data 

b) Indexed 

c) Predecessor 

d) Random

9. Which is the MySQL instance responsible for data processing?

a) MySQL Client 

b) MySQL Server 

c) SQL 

d)Server Daemon Program

10. We can use ___ to comment a single line?

i) /? ii) // iii) # iv) /* */

a) Only (ii) 

b) (i), (iii) and (iv) 

c) (ii), (iii) and (iv) 

d) Both (ii) and (iii)

11. What will be the output of the following PHP code?

<?php

$num = 1;

$num1 = 2;

print $num . “+”. $num1 ;

?>

a) 3 

b) 1+2 

c) 1.+.2 

d) Error

12. $stud = array(“Roll” => 12501, “Name” => “Hari”); Identify the type of array.

a) Indexed array 

b) Associative array 

c) Vector array 

d) Multidimensional array

13. A function in PHP starts with __.

a) function 

b) __ def 

c) def 

d) function name

14. What will be the output of the following PHP code?

<?php

$x;

if ($x == 0)

print "hi";

else

print "how are u";

print "hello";

?>

a) how are u hello 

b) hihello 

c) hi 

d) no output

15. What will be the output of the following PHP code ?

<?php

$x = 10;

$y = 20;

if ($x > $y + $y != 3)

print "hi" ;

else

print "how are u";

?>

a) how are u 

b) hi 

c) error 

d) no output

PART - II

Answer any Six questions. Question No. 24 is compulsory. 6 × 2= 12

16. Define Multimedia Production.

17. Define multimedia kiosk.

18. What is threading text blocks?

19. What are the ACID properties?

20. What is super key?

21. How to declare variables in PHP?

22. Define associative array.

23. Define if..else ladder.

24. Write Syntax of Switch statement.

PART - III

Answer any Six questions. Question No. 33 is compulsory. 6 × 3 = 18

25. Describe the various file formats in multimedia

26. How do you rejoin split blocks?

27. Write the steps to separate text from the frame.

28. What is relationship in databases? List its types.

29. Write the features of RDBMS.

30. In how many ways you can embed PHP code in an HTML page?

31. Write the purpose of parameterized Function.

32. Differentiate Switch and if else statement.

33. Write the different types of PHP syntax.

PART - IV

Answer all the questions. 5 × 5 = 25

34. Explain in detail Process of Multimedia.

(OR)

 Write the steps to place the text in a frame.

35. Discuss in detail on various types of attributes in DBMS.

(OR)

 Discuss in detail about Website development activities.

36. Explain Array concepts and their types

(OR)

 Explain the if elseif else statement with suitable example.

37. Explain brief account of multimedia technology applications in libraries.

(OR)

 Explain parameterized Function concepts in PHP.

38. Explain the web development concept in PHP.

(OR)

 Discuss in detail about Switch statement with an example.

10th Science Revision Test Question Paper - 2022

 Chengalpattu District

Second Assessment test - 2022

10th - Science

Time Allowed: 3.00hrs 

Max.Marks: 75

Instructions: (1) Check the question paper for fairness of printing.

(2) Use Blue or Black ink to write and underline and pencil to draw diagram.

Part - I

Note: (1) All Questions are compulsory 12 × 1 = 12

(2) Choose the most appropriate answer form the given four alternatives and write the option code and the corresponding answer.

1. Newton’s III law is applicable

a) For a body is at rest

b) For a body in motion

c) Both a and b

d) Only for bodies with equal masses

2. The unit of ‘g’ is ms-2. It can be also expressed as

a) cm s-1

b) Nkg-1

c) Nm2kg-1

d) cm2s-2

3. To project the rockets which of the following principle(s) is/(are) required?

a) Newton’s III law of motion

b) Newton’s law of gravitation

c) Law of conservation of linear momentum

d) Both a and c

4. Where should an object be placed so that a real and inverted image of same size is obtained by a convex lens?

a) f

b) 2f

c) Infinity

d) Between f and 2f

5. A small bulb is placed at the principal focus of a convex lens. When the bulb is switched on the lens will produce

a) A convergent beam of light

b) A divergent beam of light

c) A parallel beam of light

d) A coloured beam of light

6. The eye defect ‘presbyopia’ can be corrected by

a) Convex lens

b) Concave lens

c) Convex mirror

d) Bifocal lenses

7. Which of the following has the smallest mass?

a) 6.023 x 1023 atoms of He

b) 1 atom of He

c) 2gm of He

d) 1 mole atoms of He

8. Which of the following is a tri atomic molecule?

a) Glucose

b) Helium

c) Carbon dioxide

d) Hydrogen

9. The volume occupied by 4.4 gm of CO2 at S.T.P

a) 22.4 litre

b) 2.24 litre

c) 0.24 litre

d) 0.1 litre

10.Casparian strips are present in the--------------- of the root

a) Cortex

b) Pith

c) Pericycle

d) Endodermis

11.Kreb’s cycle takes place in

a) Chloroplast

b) Mitochondrial matrix

c) Stomata

d) Inner mitochondrial membrane

12. Oxygen is produced at what point during photosynthesis?

a) When ATP is converted to ADP

b) When CO2 is fixed

c) When H2O is split

d) All of these

PART - II

II. Answer any 7 questions. Question No 22 is compulsory 7 x 2 = 14

13. Define inertia. Give its classification

14. State Newton’s II law

15. Differentiate mass and weight

16. Fill in the blanks

a. The path of the light is called as ---------------

b. Amount of light entering into the eye is controlled by ---------------

17. State whether the following statements are true or false. Correct the statements if it is false.

a. Increase in the converging power of eye lens cause ‘hypermetropia’

18. What is the power of accommodation of eye?

19. Define atomicity.

20. What is photosynthesis and where in a cell does it occur?

21. Name three basic tissue system in flowering plants?

22. How many grams are there in the following?

i. 2 moles of hydrogen molecule, H2

ii. 5 moles of Sulphur molecule, S8

PART- III

III. Answer any 7 questions. Question No 32 is compulsory 7 x 4 = 28

23. Describe rocket propulsion.

24. “Wearing helmet and fastening the seat belt is highly recommended for safe journey”. Justify your answer using Newton’s laws of motion.

25. Explain the rules for obtaining images formed by a convex lens with the help of ray diagram

26. a. Write applications of convex lens and concave lens

b. Differentiate concave lens and convex lens

27.Write applications of Avogadro’s law.

28. a. Define: Relative atomic mass

b. Differentiate atoms and molecules

29. a. Write the reaction for photosynthesis.

 b. Differentiate aerobic and anaerobic respiration

30.Write a short note on mesophyll

31.a. What is collateral vascular bundle

b. Give an account on vascular bundle of dicot stem.

32.An object is placed at a distance 20cm from a convex lens of focal length 10cm. Find the image distance and nature of the image.

PART – IV

Answer all the questions. Draw diagram wherever necessary 3 x 7 = 21

33. a) Deduce the equation of a force using Newton’s II law of motion.

(or)

b) Explain in detail about structure of a human eye with neat labeled diagram

34. a) Calculate the number of moles in

 i) 27g of Al

 ii) 1.51 x 1023 molecules of NH4Cl

(or)

 b) Give the salient features of ‘modern atomic theory’

35. a) Describe and name three stages of cellular respiration that aerobic organisms use to obtain energy from glucose

(or)

b) How does the light dependent reaction differ from the light independent reaction?What are the end products and reactants in each? Where does each reaction occur within the chloroplast?

12th Physics Chapter 1 Important Questions With Answers

 UNIT 1 - ELECTROSTATICS

2mark questions with answers

1. Define electric dipole moment. Give its unit.

Electric dipole moment:

The magnitude of the electric dipole moment (p) is equal to the product of the magnitude of one of the charges (q) and the distance (2a) between them. (i.e) |p| = q.2a. Its unit is Cm.

2. Define action of point or Corona Discharge.

The electric field near this sharp edge is very high and it ionized the surrounding air. The positive ions are repelled and negative ions are attracted towards the sharp edge. This reduces the total charge of the conductor near the sharp edge. This is called action of points or corona discharge.

3. State Coulomb’s law in electrostatics.

Coulomb's law: The electrostatic force is directly proportional to the product of the magnitude of the two point charges and is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the two point charges.

F ∝q1q2/r²

4. Define electric flux with SI unit.

The number of electric field lines crossing a given area kept normal to the electric field lines is called electric flux (ΦE). Its S.I unit is

Nm²C-¹. It is a scalar quantity.

5. What is called electric dipole? Give an example.

Electric dipole moment and its unit:

The magnitude of the electric dipole moment (p) is equal to the product of the magnitude of one of the charges (q) and the distance (2a) between them. (i.e) |p| = q.2a. Its unit is Cm.

6. State Gauss law.

Gauss law: states that if a charge ‘Q’ is enclosed by an arbitrary closed surface, then the total electric flux through the closed surface is equal to 1/e0 times the net charge enclosed by the surface.

1/e0 = ∮Ē.dĀ = Qinside/e0

7. A sample of HCl gas is placed in a uniform electric field of magnitude 3×104 NC-1. The dipole moment of each HCl molecule is 3.4×10-30 Cm. Calculate the maximum torque experienced by each HCl molecule.

The maximum torque experienced by the dipole is when it is aligned perpendicular to the applied field.

8. Define one coulomb (1 C).

The S.I unit of charge is Coulomb (C) One Coulomb is that charge which when placed in free space or air at a distance 1 m from an equal and similar charge repels with a force of 9x109 N.

9. Give the vector form of Coulomb’s law.

The force on the point charge q2 exerted by another point charge q1

is F21 =1/4πε0 × q1q2/r2 × r̂12

Similarly the force on the point charge q1 exerted by another point charge

q2 is F12 =1/4πε0 × q1q2/r² × r̂21

Here, r̂12 → unit vector directed from q1 to q2

r̂21 → Unit vector directed from q2 to q1

10. Define superposition principle.

According to Superposition principle, the total force acting on a given charge is equal to the vector sum of forces exerted on it by all the other charges.

3 Marks Question & Answer

11. Discuss the basic properties of electric charge.

Basic properties of electric charge:

(i) Electric charge:

Like mass, the electric charge is also an intrinsic and fundamental property of particles. The unit of electric charge is coulomb

(ii) Conservation of electric charge:

The total electric charge in the universe is constant and charge can neither be created nor be destroyed. In any physical process, the net change in charge will be zero. This is called conservation of charges.

(iii) Quantization of charge:

The charge ‘q’ of any object is equal to an integral multiple of this fundamental unit of charge ‘e’ (i.e) q = ne.

Where n → integer and1.6 x 10-19 C

12. A parallel plate capacitor has square plates of side 5cm and separated by a

distance of 1mm. (a) Calculate the capacitance of this capacitor.

(b) If a 10V battery is connected to the capacitor, what is the charge

stored in any one of the plates? (The value of εo=8.85x10-12 Nm²C-²)

(a) The capacitance of the capacitor is 

C = ϵ0A/d ; 8.854 x 10-¹² x 25 x 10-⁴ / 1 x 10-³

= 221.2 x 10-¹³F; ; C = 22.12 x 10-¹² F; = 22.12 pF

(b) The charge stored in any one of the plates is Q = CV, Then

Q = 22.12 x 10-¹² x 10 = 221.2 x 10-¹²C ; Q = 221.2 pC

13. Derive an expression for energy stored in capacitor.

Energy stored in capacitor:

Capacitor is a device used to store charges and energy. When a battery is connected to the capacitor, electrons of total charge ‘-Q’

are transferred from one plate to other plate. For this work is done by the battery. This work done is stored as electrostatic energy in capacitor. To transfer ′dQ′ for a potential difference ‘V’, the work done is

dW = VdQ = Q/C × dQ  [because, V=Q/C]

The total work done to charge a capacitor, 

14. Derive an expression for capacitance of parallel plate capacitor.

Capacitance of parallel plate capacitor:

Consider a capacitor consists of two parallel plates each of area ‘A’ separated by a distance ‘d’

Let ‘o~′ be the surface charge dennsity of the plates.

The electric field between the plates,

15. Give the applications and disadvantage of capacitors

Applications of capacitor:

1. Flash capacitors are used in digital camera to take photographs

2. During cardiac arrest, a device called heart defibrillator is used to give

a sudden surge of a large amount of electrical energy to the patient’s

chest to retrieve the normal heart function.

3. Capacitors are used in the ignition system of automobile engines to eliminate sparking.

4. Capacitors are used to reduce power fluctuations in power supplies

and to increase the efficiency of power transmission.

Disadvantages:

1. Even after the battery or power supply is removed, the capacitor stores

charges and energy for some time. It caused unwanted shock.

16. Derive an expression for torque experienced by an electric dipole placed

in the uniform electric field.

Torque experienced by the dipole in electric field:

12th Chemistry Unit 7 Important Questions - Chemical Kinetics

12TH CHEMISTRY UNIT WISE

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS

LESSON- 7 chemical kinetics

 TEXT BOOK QUESTION

TWO MARK:

1. Define average rate and instantaneous rate.

2. Define rate law and rate constant

3. Write the rate law for the following reactions.

a.A reaction that is 3/2 order in x and zero order in y.

b.A reaction that is second order in NO and first order in Br2. 4.

4. For a reaction X + Y + Z ⎯⎯→ products the rate law is given by rate = k [X 3/2 [Y] 1/2. What is the overall order of the reaction and what is the order of the reaction with respect to z.

5. Write Arrhenius equation and explains the terms involved.

6. The decomposition of Cl2O7 at 500 K in the gas phase to Cl2 and O2 is a first order reaction. After 1 minute at 500K, the pressure of Cl2O7 falls from 0.08 to 0.04 atm.

7. Explain pseudo first order reaction with an example.

8. Identify the order for the following reactions (i)Rusting of Iron (ii) Radioactive disintegration of 92U 238 (iii) 2A + 3B ⎯⎯→ products ; rate = [A]1/2 [B]2

9. How do concentrations of the reactant influence the rate of reaction?

10. How do nature of the reactant influence rate of reaction. (or) C where as Titration between potassium per magnate and oxalic acid is carried out at 60 titration between potassium per manganate and ferrous ammonium sulphate at room temperature. Give reason.

11. The rate constant for a first order reaction is 1.54 × 10 – 3 s – 1 . Calculate its half life time.

12. Consider the oxidation of nitric oxide to form NO2 2NO(g) + O2(g) ⎯⎯→ 2NO2 (g)

a.Express the rate of the reaction in terms of changesin the concentration of NO, O2 and NO2.

b.At a particular instant, when [O2] is decreasing at 0.2 mol L–1 s –1 at what rate is [NO2] increasing at that instant?

13. What is the order with respect to each of the reactant and overall order of the following reaction?

a.(a) 3 5Br −(aq) + BrO− (aq) + 6H+ (aq) ⎯⎯→ 3Br2(l) +3H2O(l) The experimental rate law is Rate = k [Br– ] [BrO3] [H+ ] 2

b.CH3 CHO(g) ⎯⎯→ CH 4 (g) + CO(g) 3 the experimental rate law is 3/2 Rate k[CH3CHO]3/2

THREE MARK

1. Derive integrated rate law for a zero order reaction A ⎯⎯→ product.

2. Define half life of a reaction. Show that for a first order reaction half life is independent of initial concentration.

3. What is an elementary reaction? Give the differences between order and molecularity of a reaction.

4. Explain the rate determining step with an example

5. Describe the graphical representation of first order reaction.

6. Explain the effect of catalyst on reaction rate with an example.

7. The rate law for a reaction of A, B and L has been found to be rate = k [A]2 [B] [L]3/2. How would the rate of reaction change when 

(i)Concentration of [L] is quadrupled 

(ii)Concentration of both [A] and [B] are doubled

(iii) Concentration of [A] is halved 

(iv) Concentration of [A] is reduced to (1/3) and concentration of [L] is quadrupled.

8. The rate of formation of a dimer in a second order reaction is 7.5 × 10 – 3 mol L – 1 s – 1 at 0.05mol L – 1 monomer concentration. Calculate the rate constant.| Explain briefly the collision theory of bimolecular reactions. (or) Derive k=pze-Ea/ RT

9. For the reaction 2x + y ⎯⎯→ L. Find the rate law from the following data.

[x] (min)           [y] (min)            rate (M s – 1 )

0.2                          0.02                         0.15

0.4                          0.02                         0.30

10. A zero order reaction is 20% complete in 20 minutes. Calculate the value of the rate constant. In what time will the reaction be 80% complete?

11. From the following data, show that the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide is a reaction of the first order :

1(min)                  0                  10               20

V(ml).                 46.1              29.8           19.4

Where t is the time in minutes and V is the volume of standard KMnO4 solution required for titrating the same volume of the reaction mixture

12. A first order reaction is 40% complete in 50 minutes. Calculate the value of the rate constant In what time will the reaction be 80%c complete

13. Rate constant k of a reaction varies with temperatureT according to the followingA Arrheniusequation log k = log A- Ea/ 2.303R(1/T) WhereEa is the activation energy. When a graph is plotted for log k Vs 1/ T a straight line with a slopeof –4000 K is obtained. Calculate the activationenergy.

14. A first order reaction takes 8 hours for 90% completion Calculate the time required for 80% completion (log 5 = 0.6989 ; log 10 = 1)

15. The rate of the reaction x + 2y → product is–3mol L –1 s –1 if [x] = [y] = 0.2 M and 10 –2 s–1 –2 s –1, What is the overall order of the reaction.

FIVE MARK:

1. A gas phase reaction has energy of activation 200 kJ mol – 1 . If the frequency factor of the reaction is 1.6 × 1013 s – 1 . Calculate the rate constant at 600 K. (e − 40.09 = 3.8 × 10 – 18)

2. The half life of the homogeneous gaseous reactionSO2Cl2 ⎯⎯→ SO2 + Cl2 which obeys first orderkinetics is 8.0 minutes. How long will it takefor the concentration of SO2Cl2 to be reducedto 1% of the initial value?

3. The time for half change in a first order decompositionof a substance A is 60 seconds. Calculatethe rate constant. How much of A will beleft after 180 seconds.

4. The activation energy of a reaction is 225 k cal mol– 1 and the value of rate constant at 40 0c ie 1.8 × 10 – 5 s – 1 . Calculate the frequency factor A.

5.The rate constant of a reaction of a reaction at 400 and 200 K are 0.04 and 0.02 s –1 respectively Calculate the value of activation energy

6. Show that in case of first order reaction, the time required for 99.9%completion is nearly ten Times the time required for half completion of the reaction.

7. The half life of a first order reaction x →products is 6.932 x 104s at 500 K. What percentage of would be decomposed on heating at 500 K for 100 min. (e0.06 = 1.06)

SHANKAR IAS ACCADEMY TNPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS IN ENGLISH - 2022

TNPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS NOTES - 2022

 TNPSC BITS

❖ The central government announced its decision to convert around 150 villages into ‘Villages of Excellence’ across 12 States.

• These villages will be converted into Villages of Excellence, with technical assistance from the Israeli government.

❖ Social activists have built a temple for Mahatma Gandhi and freedom fighters’ Smrithi Vanam at the Municipal Park in Srikakulam, Andhra Pradesh. 

• This is to inculcate patriotism among the youth by remembering the sacrifices of freedom fighters.

TAMIL NADU

Vellalore Lake

❖ The green zone along the Vellalore Lake, with native trees and flowers, has turned 

the Lake into a butterfly hotspot.

❖ The lake is in Coimbatore.

❖ Blue Mormons have been sighted in great numbers.

❖ It is the fourth largest butterfly of India and State butterfly of Maharashtra.

DESH-Stack e-portal

❖ The Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman announced to set up “DESH-Stack e-portal”, during the Budget 2022 speech.

❖ DESH stands for “Digital Ecosystem for Skilling and Livelihood”.

❖ This portal will be launched for empowering citizens to skill, upskill, or re-skill through online training.

NATIONAL

India steel output

❖ India's crude steel production rose by nearly 18 percent to 118 million tonnes

(MT) in 2021.

❖ India is the second-largest steel-producing nation.

❖ It is behind China with 1032.8 MT.

UPI Safety and Awareness initiative

❖ National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI) and the UPI ecosystem

(comprising of leading banks and fintechs) have announced this initiative.

❖ This is to create awareness amongst consumers.

❖ Under this initiative, NPCI and the UPI ecosystem will observe February 1-7 as

‘UPI Safety and Awareness Week’.

❖ Also the whole of February will be observed as ‘UPI Safety and Awareness Month’.

New banknote printing lines

❖ Security Printing and Minting Corporation of India Limited (SPMCIL) has set up ‘new banknote printing lines’ at its Currency Note Press, Nashik, and Bank Note Press, Dewas.

❖ In India, four printing presses for printing and supply of Banknotes.

❖ These are at

• Dewas in Madhya Pradesh,
• Nasik in Maharashtra (owned by SPMCIL),
• Mysore in Karnataka, and
• Salboni in West Bengal (owned by Bharatiya Reserve Bank Note Mudran Private Limited).

Non-Fuel Retail Store

❖ The Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Ltd (HPCL) has marked its foray into the

non-fuel retailing sector by inaugurating its Retail Store under the brand name HaPpyShop.

❖ The first retail store was launched by HPCL in September 2021 in Mumbai at

Company’s Retail Outlet located at Nepean Sea Road.

❖ The company has now announced the opening of two more Convenience Stores

of ‘HaPpyShop’.

❖ The two new stores are located at:

• Company’s Auto Care Centre, Bandra West in Mumbai and
• Millennium Retail Outlet in Visakhapatnam

❖ In addition to this, HPCL has launched the platform in a purely online format by

opening the Online Store at Madurai.

❖ HPCL is also marketing branded packaged drinking water at its Retail Outlets across the country under the name ‘Paani@Club HP’.

Five river linking projects announced in Union Budget

❖ Union Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman has proposed a project to link five

rivers in India in her budget speech.

❖ The rivers identified for linking are Godavari-Krishna, Krishna-Pennar and

Pennar-Cauvery, Damanganga-Pinjal, and Par-Tapi-Narmada.

❖ Krishna, the fourth largest river in India, originates in Mahabaleshwar in

Maharashtra and flows through Maharashtra, Karnataka, Telangana, and

Andhra Pradesh.

❖ Cauvery originates in Kodagu and flows through Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.

❖ Penna originates in Chikkaballapura and flows through Karnataka, Tamil Nadu,

and Andhra Pradesh.

❖ The Godavari which is the third-largest river in India originates in Nashik and

flows through Maharashtra, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, and

Orissa.

❖ The Damanganga-Pinjal river linking aims to divert surplus water from the

Damanganga basin to provide domestic water for Mumbai city.

❖ The Par-Tapi-Narmada project proposes to provide water to drought-prone

regions of Kutch and Saurashtra by diverting excess water from seven reservoirs in the Western Ghats in North Maharashtra and south Gujarat.

Sacred Ensembles of the Hoysala

❖ The Hoysala temples of Belur, Halebid, and Somnath Pura in Karnataka will be 

nominated for World Heritage List for the year 2022-2023 from India.

❖ Hoysala dynasty existed in South India between 1110 A.D. and 1326 A.D. 

❖ It was founded by Nripa Kama II or Sala. 

❖ Its capital initially resided at Belur, but later moved to Halebidu.

INTERNATIONAL

Hydrogen powered flying boat

❖ World's first hydrogen-powered flying boat is all set to be manufactured and 

launched in Dubai. 

❖ Swiss startup THE JET ZeroEmission has signed an agreement with UAE-based 

Zenith Marine Services and US-based DWYN to manufacture and operate 'The 

Jet'. 

70 year reign of Queen Elizabeth

❖ Queen Elizabeth of England is to celebrate 70 years of throne on February 6,

2022.

❖ She is 95 years old.

❖ The queen ascended to the throne on February 8, 1952 officially.

50 years of bloody Sunday

❖ On 30 January 1972, the British soldiers killed a group of unarmed civilians.

❖ These civilians were protesting in the Bogside area of Derry.

❖ This incident is referred to as bloody Sunday.

❖ In 2022, the people of Northern Ireland marked fifty years of Bloody Sunday.

❖ A group of innocent civilians protested against the internment without trial.

❖ Internment means jailing someone without any court trials.

ECONOMY

Digital Rupee

❖ Union Finance Minister has announced the launch of the Digital Rupee 2022-

2023 onwards.

❖ Digital Rupee is the Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) of India.

❖ This CBDC will be launched by the Reserve Bank of India.

❖ The underlying technology that will be powering the Digital Rupee will be

Blockchain.

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Water on Mars

❖ The Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) of NASA has found that Mars had water

two billion years ago.

❖ But today all the water in the planet are evaporated.

❖ This was confirmed by MRO with the help of salt deposits on the surface of the

planet.

Humbertium covidum

❖ The Scientists recently discovered Humbertium covidum.

❖ These are new flatworm species.

❖ The new species were found hunting snails in Italy and France.

❖ They have been named after COVID pandemic.

STATES

Spituk Gustor Festival

❖ Spituk Gustor Festival is a two-day annual celebration of Ladakhi culture and

traditional heritage celebrated on 30th & 31st January 2022 in Leh and Ladakh

Union Territory.

❖ The devotees arrive at the Spituk Monastery every year and attend the colorful mask dance locally called “Chams”.

IMPORTANT DAYS

World Interfaith Harmony Week - February 1 to 7

❖ The World Interfaith Harmony Week was conceived to promote cultural peace and

nonviolence.

❖ World Interfaith Harmony Week was first proposed by King Abdullah II of Jordan

at the United Nations in 2010.

12th Computer Science Chapter 1 Reduced Syllabus Guide - Functions

12th Computer Science Chapter 1 Reduced Guide

 1. FUNCTIONS 

Section – A 

 Choose the best answer (1 Mark) 

1. The small sections of code that are used to perform a particular task is called 

(A) Subroutines 

(B) Files

(C) Pseudo code 

(D) Modules 

2. Which of the following is a unit of code that is often defined within a greater code structure? 

(A) Subroutines 

(B) Function 

(C) Files 

(D) Modules 

3. Which of the following is a distinct syntactic block? 

(A) Subroutines 

(B) Function 

(C) Definition 

(D) Modules 

4. The variables in a function definition are called as 

(A) Subroutines 

(B) Function 

(C) Definition 

(D) Parameters 

5. The values which are passed to a function definition are called 

(A) Arguments 

(B) Subroutines 

(C) Function 

(D) Definition 

6. Which of the following are mandatory to write the type annotations in the function definition? 

(A) Curly braces 

(B) Parentheses 

(C) Square brackets 

(D) indentations 

Section-B 

Answer the following questions (2 Mark) 

1. What is a subroutine? 

• Subroutines are the basic building blocks of computer programs.
• Subroutines are small sections of code that are used to perform a particular task that can be used repeatedly.

2. Define Function with respect to Programming language. 

• A function is a unit of code that is often defined within a greater code structure. 
• A function works on many kinds of inputs and produces a concrete output 

3. Write the inference you get from X:=(78). 

• X:=(78) is a function definition.  
• Definitions bind values to names.  
• Hence, the value 78 bound to the name „X‟.

5. Which of the following is a normal function definition and which is recursive function definition?

i) let rec sum x y:

return x + y

Ans: Recursive Function

ii) let disp :

print „welcome‟

Ans: Normal Function

iii) let rec sum num:

if (num!=0) then return num + sum (num-1)

else

return num

Ans: Recursive Function

Section - D

Answer the following questions: (5 Mark)

1. What are called Parameters and write a note on

(i) Parameter without Type (ii) Parameter with Type

Answer:

Parameters are the variables in a function definition. Arguments are the values which are passed to a function definition.

Two types of parameter passing are,

1. Parameter Without Type

2. Parameter With Type

1. Parameter Without Type:

Lets see an example of a function definition of Parameter Without Type:

(requires: b>=0 )

(returns: a to the power of b)

let rec pow a b:=

      if b=0 then 1

      else a * pow a (b-1)

In the above function definition variable ‘ b’ is the parameter and the value passed to the variable

‘b’ is the argument.

• The precondition (requires) and postcondition (returns) of the function is given.
• We have not mentioned any types: (data types). This is called parameter without type.
• In the above function definition the expression has type ‘int’, so the function's return type also be ‘int’ by implicit.

2. Parameter With Type:

Now let us write the same function definition with types,

(requires: b> 0 )

(returns: a to the power of b )

let rec pow (a: int) (b: int) : int :=

      if b=0 then 1

      else a * pow b (a-1)

• In this example we have explicitly annotating the types of argument and return type as ‘int’.
• Here, when we write the type annotations for „a‟ and „b‟ the parantheses are mandatory.
• This is the way passing parameter with type which helps the compiler to easily infer them.

 10th Social Science Unit 1 Solution Guide - Outbreak Of World War I And Its Aftermath

I. Choose the Correct Answer:

1. What were the three major empires shattered by the end of First World War?

a) Germany, Austria Hungary, and the Ottomans

b) Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Russia

c) Spain, Portugal and Italy

d) Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy

Ans: a) Germany, Austria Hungary and the Ottomans

2. Which country emerged as the strongest in East Asia towards the close of nineteenth century?

a) China 

b) Japan

c) Korea 

d) Mongolia 

Ans: b) Japan

3. Who said “imperialism is the highest stage of capitalism”?

a) Lenin 

b) Marx

c) Sun Yat-sen 

d) Mao Tsetung 

Ans: a) Lenin

4. What is the Battle of Marne remembered for?

a) air warfare 

b) trench warfare

c) submarine warfare 

d) ship warfare 

Ans: b) Trench warfare

5. To which country did the first Secretary General of League of Nations belong?

a) Britain 

b) France

c) Dutch 

d) USA 

Ans: a) Britain

6. Which country was expelled from the League of Nations for attacking Finland?

a) Germany 

b) Russia

c) Italy 

d) France 

Ans: b) Russia.

II. Fill in the blanks:

1. Japan forced a war on China in the year ________

Ans: 1894

2. The new state of Albania was created according to the Treaty of ________ signed in May 1913. 

Ans: London

3. Japan entered into an alliance with England in the year ________ . 

Ans: 1902

4. In the Balkans ________ had mixed population. 

Ans: Macidonia

5. In the battle of Tannenberg ________ suffered heavy losses. 

Ans: Russia

6. ________ as Prime Minister represented France in Paris Peace Conference.

Ans: Clemenceau

7. Locarno Treaty was signed in the year ________. 

Ans: 1925

III. Choose the Correct Statement

1. i) The Turkish Empire contained many non-Turkish people in the Balkans. (T)

ii) Turkey fought on the side of the central powers. (T)

iii) Britain attacked Turkey and captured Constantinople. (F)

iv) Turkey’s attempt to attack Suez Canal but were repulsed. (T)

a) i) and ii) are correct 

b) i) and iii) are correct

c) iv) is correct 

d) i), ii) and iv) are correct

Ans: d) i), ii) and iv) are correct

2. Assertion : Germany and the United States were producing cheaper manufactured goods and capturing England’s markets.

Reason : Both the countries produced required raw material for their industries.

a) Both A and R are correct 

b) A is right but R is not the correct reason

c) Both A and R are wrong 

d) R is right but A is wrong.

Ans: a) Both A and R are correct

3. Assertion : The first European attempts to carve out colonies in Africa resulted in bloody battles.

Reason : There was stiff resistance from the native population.

a) Both A and R are correct 

b) A is right but R is not the correct reason

c) Both A and R are wrong 

d) R is right but A is wrong.

Ans: a) Both A and R are correct.

IV. Match the following:

1. Treaty of Brest- Litovsk – a) Versailles

2. Jingoism – b) Turkey

3. Kemal Pasha – c) Russia with Germany

4. Emden – d) England

5. Hall of Mirrors – e) Madras

Ans: 1. c, 2. d, 3. b, 4. e, 5. a

V. Answer briefly:

1. How do you assess the importance of Sino-Japanese War?

During the period of Meiji Era (1867 to 1912), Japan became a great industrial nation as well as an imperialistic power. In 1894, Japan forced a war on China. The crushing defeat of China by Japan surprised the world. After the war, Japan annexed the Liaotung peninsula with Port Arthur. By this action, Japan had proved that it was the strongest nation of the East Asia.

2. Name the countries in the Triple Entente.

The countries of the Triple Entente are –

• England,
• France and
• Russia.

3. What were the three militant forms of nationalism in Europe?

The three militant forms of nationalism were-

• England’s jingoism,
• France’s chauvinism and
• Germany’s Kultur

4. What do you know of trench warfare?

• Trenches or ditches dug by troops and helped the soldiers to stand safely and protect themselves from enemy fire.
• The main lines of trenches were connected to each other and to the rear by series of linking trenches.
• Through the linking trenches, food, ammunition, fresh troops, mail and orders were delivered.

5. What was the role of Mustafa Kemal Pasha?

• The British attacked Turkey in the First World War and tried to capture Constantinople.
• But the Turks put up a brave fight and Mustafa Kemal Pasha played a great role in resisting the British forces.
• After the war, he played a remarkable role to win freedom for the country.
• He put an end to the Sultanate and the Caliphate.
• He not only modernised the country but also changed it out of all recognition.

6. List out any two causes for the failure of the League of Nations.

• The League appeared to be an organisation of those who were victorious in the First World War.
• Italy, Germany and Japan were headed by the dictators after the First World War. They refused to be bound by the orders of the League.
• It was the brainchild of Wilson American President who could not even convince his country to join the League.
• 
  

VI. Answer the following in detail:

1. Discuss the main causes of the First World War.

 The First World War is a turning point in the world history. The war started in the

year 1914 and ended in 1918 with the defeat of Central powers. The main causes of the war were-

European Alliances:

• Europe was divided into two armed camps such as Central powers and Allies.
• Central powers namely Austria-Hungary, Germany and Italy formed the Triple Alliance in 1882.
• So, Triple Entente was formed between England, France and Russia in 1907.
• The issues between the two groups led to the world war. Violent forms of Nationalism:
• The attitude of ‘my country right or wrong, I support it’ developed with the growth of nationalism.
• The love for one country demanded hatred for another country.
• England’s jingoism, France’s chauvinism and Germany’s kultur were the military forms of nationalism.
• This type of military nationalism led the countries to the war. Aggressive attitude of Germany:
• The Emperor Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany was ruthlessly assertive and aggressive.
• Germany’s aggressive diplomacy made Britain to embark on a naval race.
• France and Germany were the old rivals. Bitter memories of the defeat in 1871 rankled in the minds of the French.
• German interference in the affairs of Morocco added to the bitterness.

  The Balkan Issue:

• Balkans is a region in South-eastern Europe between the Mediterranean and the Black Sea.
• The Balkan countries are Greece, Romania, Bulgaria, Serbia, Montenegro, Albania and Macedonia.
• The political and economic instability of the Turkish Empire in the second half of 18th century made the countries to secede from its control.
• There were rivalries among Balkan countries for the control of Macedonia.
• Regarding this issue, the First Balkan War was fought. It led to the Second Balkan War in 1913.
• This was one of the most important cause of the First World War. Immediate cause:
• Franz Ferdinand, the Austrian crown prince/heir was assassinated on 28th June 1914 by Princip, a Bosnian serb at Sarajevo in Bosnia.
• Austria saw in this an opportunity to eliminate Serbia as an independent state.
• Based on a rumor that Russia was sending forces to support Serbia, Germany declared war on Russia on 1st August 1914.
• So, one after another, all the European countries entered the War. 

2. Highlight the provisions of the Treaty of Versailles relating to Germany.

•  After the war, peace conference was held at Paris in Jan. 1919. All the countries attended the conference and separate treaties were signed with the defeated countries.
• On 28th June 1919, the peace treaty – Treaty of Versailles was signed with Germany in the Hall of Mirrors at Versailles. The important provisions of the treaty were-
• Germany was found guilty of starting the war. Therefore, she was forced to pay the reparations for the losses suffered.
• The German army was to be limited to 100,000 men. A small navy was allowed.
• The union of Austria and Germany was forbidden.
• Germany was forced to give up all her rights over her overseas possession to the Allies. All German colonies became mandated territories under the League of Nations.
• Germany was forced to revoke the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (with Russia) and Bucharest (with Bulgaria).
• The Coal mines in the Saar Valley and Alsace-Lorraine were given to France. The former Russian territories of Finland, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania were to be independent.
• Northern Schleswig was given to Denmark and the small districts to Belgium.
• Poland was recreated.
• The Rhineland was to be occupied by the Allies. The area on the East bank of the Rhine was to be demilitarized.

3. Explain the course of the Russian Revolution under the leadership of Lenin.

•  The defeat of Russia in the First World War and economic crisis led the Russians to start a protest against the Tsar Nicholas II. The emperor was unable to solve the problems and control the people. So, he abdicated the throne on March 15, 1917.

Provincial Government:

• There were two parallel bodies to take on government functions.
• One was the politicians of old state Duma, comprising propertied classes.
• Another one was a group of workers’ delegates drawn together in a workers’ council or Soviet.
• Those in the Duma were able to form a provincial government with the consent of the Soviets. 

Failure of provincial government:

• The provincial government it postponed a decision on the demand for the redistribution of land and it decided to continue the First World War.
• This intensified the rising Petrograd. The Bolsheviks led the protest.
• The government arrested all Bolsheviks except Lenin who was hiding in Finland.
• Trotsky who led the Mensheviks was arrested.
• Kerensky became the Prime Minister and attempted to crush the protest. He failed in that attempt.

Lenin’s leadership:

• In Oct. 1917, Lenin persuaded the Bolshevik Central Committee to decide on immediate revolution.
• On Nov. 7, 1917, the key government buildings were seized by armed factory workers and revolutionary troops.
• On the next day, new Communist Government was in office in Russia under Lenin.
• The Bolshevik Party was renamed the Russian Communist Party.

4. Estimate the work done by the League of Nations.

•  The League of Nations was formed to maintain peace in the world after the First World War. It was formed in the year 1920 and settled a number of disputes between 1920 and 1925. Unfortunately, the League of Nations finally dissolved in 1946.

Achievements of the League:

• In 1920, a dispute arose between Sweden and Finland over the sovereignty of the Aaland Islands. These islands are situated between Finland’s west coast and Sweden’s east coast. The League ruled that the islands should go to Finland.
• In the following year, the League was asked to settle the frontier between Poland and Germany in Upper Silesia. It was successfully resolved by the League.
• The third dispute was between Greece and Bulgaria in 1925. Greece invaded Bulgaria, and the League ordered a ceasefire. After investigation it blamed Greece and decided that Greece was to pay reparations.
• The League was successful in signing of the Locarno Treaty in 1925. By this treaty,
• Germany, France, Belgium, Great Britain, and Italy mutually guaranteed peace in Western Europe.
• Thereafter, Germany joined the League and was given a permanent seat on the
• Council.

12th English Unit 2 Poem Solution Guide - Our Casuarina Tree

 12TH ENGLISH UNIT 2 POEM - OUR CASUARINA TREE SOLUTIONS

1. Fill in the blanks choosing the words from the box given and complete the summary of the poem. (Page 54)

 The casuarina tree is tall and strong, with a creeper winding around it like a (1) ___ python______. The tree stands

like a (2) __ statue_____ with a colourful scarf of flowers. Birds surround the garden and the sweet song of the birds

is heard. The poet is delighted to see the casuarina tree through her (3) _____ casement____. She sees a grey

monkey sitting like a (4) _____ giant ___on top of the tree, the cows grazing and the water lilies (5) _____ springing ______ in the pond. The poet feels that the tree is dear to her not for its (6) _____ impressive ______

appearance but for the (7) _____ nostalgic _____ memories of her happy childhood that it brings to her. She strongly believes that (8) _____ nature _____ communicates with human beings. The poet could communicate with

the tree even when she was in a far-off land as she could hear the tree (9) _____ lamenting ______ her absence. The

poet (10) ____ sanctified____ the tree’s memory to her loved ones, who are not alive. She immortalizes the tree

through her poem like the poet Wordsworth who (11) _____ consecrates _____ the yew tree of Borrowdale in verse.

She expresses her wish that the tree should be remembered out of love and not just because it cannot be (12) _____

forgotten ______

[python, statue, nature, casement, nostalgic, lamenting, impressive, forgotten, giant, consecrates, springing,

sanctified ]

2. Based on your understanding of the poem, answer the following questions in one or two sentences each. (Page 55)

a) What is the creeper compared to?

 The creeper is compared to a large python.

b) How does the creeper appear on the tree?

 The creeper appears on the tree like a python.

c) Describe the garden during the night.

 At night, the music of the bees and birds makes the whole garden come alive.

d) How does the poet spend her winter?

 The poet spends her winter by noticing gray baboons sitting motionless on the branch of the tree.

e) Name the bird that sings in the poet’s garden.

 Kokilas

f) Why is the casuarina tree dear to poet’s heart?

 The casuarina tree is dear to the poet’s heart because it brings to her mind the memories of her childhood.

g) Does nature communicate with human beings?

 Yes, nature communicates with human beings.

h) What has Wordsworth sanctified in his poem?

 Wordsworth has sanctified the yew trees of Borrowdale.

i) To whom does Toru Dutt want to consecrate the tree’s memory?

 Toru Dutt wants to consecrate the tree’s memory to her brother and sister who were dead.

j) The casuarina tree will be remembered for ever. Why?

 The casuarina tree will be remembered for ever because it was the poet's companion during her childhood days.

3. Read the lines given below and answer the questions that follow.(Text page 55)

a) A creeper climbs, in whose embraces bound

 No other tree could live. (PTA 1, 3, 5)

i) Which tree is referred to in the above lines?

 The casuarina tree is referred to in the above

lines.

ii) How does the tree survive the tight hold of the creeper?

 The tree survives the tight hold of the creeper by its strength and power.

iii) Why does Toru Dutt use the expression ‘a creeper climbs’?

 Toru Dutt uses the expression ‘a creeper

climbs’ to show the vertical growth of a tree.

b) The giant wears the scarf, and flowers are hung In crimson clusters all the bough among! (PTA 2)

i) Who is the giant here?

 The casuarina tree is the giant here.

ii) Why is the scarf colourful?

 The scarf is colourful because bright red

flowers bloom on the branches of the casuarina tree.

c) “Fear, trembling Hope, and Death, the

skeleton,

 And Time the shadow”, and though weak the verse

 That would thy beauty fain, oh, fain rehearse,

 May Love defend tree from oblivion’s curse.

i) What does the poet mean by the expression ‘May love defend thee from oblivion’s curse?’

 The poet means that her love for casuarina tree that will protect it from being forgotten.

ii) What does the expression ‘fain’ convey?

 The expression ‘fain’ conveys gladness.

iii) What does the poet convey through the expression ‘Fear, trembling hope’?

 Under the distressing branches of those trees, fear, hope and death had lingered.

4. Explain the following lines with reference to the context.( text page 56)

a) Dear is the Casuarina to my soul; 

(PTA 4)

Context: These lines are taken from the poem “Our Casuarina Tree” written by Toru Dutt.

Explanation: The poet expresses her love to the casuarina tree in this line. It is not only because of its significance that she loves the tree but also because ofher memories connected with it. She loves the tree because it reminded of her childhood

days.

Comment: The poet has vivid memories of the days.

b) It is the tree’s lament, an eerie speech,

Context: These lines are taken from the poem “Our Casuarina Tree” written by Toru Dutt.

Explanation: In a nostalgic mood, the poet says that the memories of the tree bring tears in her eyes. She feels that the tree is

lamenting over the deaths of her brother and sister.

Comment: The message of the tree may reach the unknown land inhabited by her siblings.

c) Unto thy honor, Tree, beloved of those

Who now in blessed sleep for aye repose,

Context: These lines are taken from the poem “Our Casuarina Tree” written by Toru Dutt.

Explanation: The poet now dedicates a verse in honour to the casuarina tree because it was not only loved by her but also by her dead brother and sister.

Comment: The message of the tree may reach the unknown land inhabited by her siblings.

Answer each of the following questions in a paragraph of 100-150 words.

a) Describe the reminiscences of the poet, when she sees the casuarina tree. (PTA 3)

Toru Dutt was a Bengali poctess She wrote in English as well as French Her famous poem is "Our Casuarina Tree" In this poem, the poetess describes a huge casuarina tree. It links her reminiscences of childhood. The poetess remembers the tree which she, her brother and sister used to play happily during her childhood days. There is a large vine plant crowding around the tree like a python The crimson flowers are red on the boughs of the tree. The tree has its own beauty. It attracts birds and bees. Even at night, the tree is full of sounds of hirds and insects.

b) How does nature communicate with the poet?

Toru Dutt was a Bengali poetess. She wrote in English as well as French Her famous poem is "Our Casuarina Tree". In this poem, the poetess describes a huge casuarina tree. It links her reminiscences of childhood. The poetess is a keen observer of nature. She describes the morning scene vividly and realistically. The hailing of the day hy Kokilas, the sleepy cows going to pastures and the springing of water lilies in the pond are beautiful scenes of nature. All of them are portrayed through concrete imagery.

c) The poet immortalizes the tree. Elucidate.

Toru Dutt was a Bengali poetess. She wrote in English as well as French. Her famous poem is "Our Casuarina Tree". In this poem, the poetess speaks about a huge casuarina tree which associates her reminiscences of childhood "Our Casuarina Tree" is remarkable for its imagery, sincerity of experience, vividness and mastery of phrase and rhythm. The poetess conveys her thought in a logical manner. She glorifies the casuarina tree. She adds personal touch while describing the casuarina tree. She describes the memories of her childhood days linked with the tree. The tree provides her a context to remember the period of childhood spent in the company of her deceased brother and sister. Thus the poetess immortalizes the tree.